Note: This post has been revised from its earlier version to explain why blasphemy (Asia Bibi’s crime) is considered a form of
kufr, or unbelief, under Islamic law.
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This job takes up so much of my time that I am chronically unable to do any outside reading. Unless I have to go to the dentist or wait at the DMV, I read very little that doesn’t bear directly on Gates of Vienna or related work.
Last week provided a chance to catch up on some of the backlog: I had to renew my driver’s license, which involved sitting at the Department of Motor Vehicles for an extended period. To add to the pleasure of the occasion, I took along several issues of
National Review, which I had been neglecting since before Christmas.
Every issue of NR contains a feature near the front of the magazine called “The Week”, in which the editors collect various noteworthy news stories and add a bit of unsigned commentary to them. The February 7th issue included this item:
Aasia Bibi is a Pakistani Christian under sentence of death for blasphemy against the Prophet Mohammed. She had been working in the fields one day alongside Muslim women, and they apparently set her up. The blasphemy law with its mandatory death sentence dates from the 1980s as part of Pakistan’s growing Islamism and has no Koranic sanction. [emphasis added]
That’s an intriguing assertion, coming from a (presumably) non-Muslim editor of a conservative American political magazine. It reminds me of the blanket statements about “true Islam” that are repeated over and over by the White House, or generals at the Pentagon, or officials at the Department of Homeland Security.
How do they know that something “has no Koranic sanction”? What authorities have they consulted? What texts have they examined?
Do they rely solely on press releases put out by CAIR? Or did they perhaps hear a talking head from ISNA say something about it on CNN?
How much do they know about Islam, and where did they learn it?
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To determine whether or not something is sanctioned by the Koran, a good place to start is
’Umdat al-salik wa ’uddat al-nasik, or
The reliance of the traveller and tools of the worshipper, by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri.
The book is commonly referred to as
Reliance of the Traveller when cited in English, and is an authoritative source on Sunni Islamic law. We know this because it is certified as such by Al-Azhar University in Cairo, which is recognized by Sunni Muslims as the highest authority on Sunni Islamic doctrine.
To understand the charge lodged against Asia Bibi, let’s take a look at Book O, “Justice”, in
Reliance of the Traveller. The book does not actually refer to “blasphemy” — the word is not used in the text to describe a crime. However, the topic is covered by the more general concept of
kufr, or “unbelief”.
Section o8.7, “Acts that Entail Leaving Islam”, tells us a bit more about unbelief:
Among the things that entail apostasy from Islam (may Allah protect us from them) are:
(1) | | to prostrate to an idol, whether sarcastically, out of mere contrariness, or in actual conviction… |
(2) | | to intend to commit unbelief, even if in the future… |
(3) | | to speak words that imply unbelief such as “Allah is the third of three,”… |
(4) | | to revile Allah or His messenger (Allah bless him and give him peace); |
(5) | | to deny the existence of Allah… |
o8.7 continues through fifteen more examples, and concludes: “There are others, for the subject is nearly limitless. May Allah Most High save us and all Muslims from it.”
For our purposes, “blasphemy” is covered by examples (1) through (5).
Example (3) in particular applies to the case of Asia Bibi, who is a Christian — “Allah is the third of three” is the Islamic description of the doctrine of the Trinity, which Muslims consider a dangerous form of unbelief. However, Ms. Bibi was also probably accused of (4), reviling Allah or Mohammed.
So Ms. Bibi is therefore guilty of
kufr, and is subject to the same punishment as an apostate — someone who leaves Islam — under Islamic law.
In the header section on “Apostasy from Islam” (o8.0) we read: “Leaving Islam is the ugliest form of unbelief and the worst.” The first subsection (o8.1) is summarized with by topic header: “Whoever Voluntarily Leaves Islam Is Killed.”
And o8.1 itself includes this text:
When a person who has reached puberty and is sane voluntarily apostatizes from Islam, he deserves to be killed.
That seems fairly definitive to me. But if
Reliance of the Traveller isn’t authoritative enough —
National Review did insist on a “Koranic sanction”, after all — we may turn to the Koran itself and a relevant supporting hadith.
It’s important to note that the citations below are from
sahih (“authoritative”) sources. This means that they enjoy the “consensus of the scholars”, and are thus undisputed by all Sunni religious authorities.
First, from Koran 4:89 (
Sahih International version):